Weiss and colleagues (2014) tested 52 musicians, 24 with dyslexia and 28 without dyslexia, and compared two groups’ performances on various auditory tests. Working memory is a cornerstone for learning of all kinds, from reading and note-taking to math calculations.The researchers revealed auditory sequential memory impairments for both types of readers with dyslexia and multiple strengths for good readers. (1999) compared 24 readers with auditory dyslexia and 21 with visual dyslexia to 90 control group participants. The researchers identified significant, positive associations between visual sequential memory and paragraph comprehension, oral reading, and word recognition. (1972) investigated relationships between visual sequential recall and reading in 81 typical and 43 disabled readers. (2002) found that dyslexic children exhibited a significant deficit in tasks involving auditory memory skills (digit span, unfamiliar word repetition, sentence repetition) compared with their age-mates. Children with poor auditory memory skills may struggle to recognize sounds and match them to letters – a common symptom of a reading disability or dyslexia. Research by Plaza et al. Research has confirmed that auditory recall plays a crucial role in literacy and directly impacts reading, spelling, writing, and math skills.The researchers concluded that poor visual memory ability is significantly related to below-average reading decoding, math, and overall academic achievement as measured by the Stanford Achievement Test. (2002) investigated the relationship between visual memory and academics in 155 second- through fourth-grade children Optometry and Vision Science published the results. All three measures of reading performance were significantly related to icon persistence ( Riding & Pugh, 1977). The reading test gives scores for fluency, accuracy, and comprehension. Thirty-six 9‐year‐old children took a test of image persistence in visual sensory (iconic) memory and the Neale Analysis of Reading Ability.(2011) compared a group of high-achieving young adults with dyslexia to a matched group of typical readers. The dyslexic group showed a striking reduction in processing speed (26% compared to controls) while their working memory storage capacity was in the normal range. Multiple research studies have linked difficulties in processing speed with ADHD and reading disorders.This link held even after controlling for other variables, such as IQ and memory. For example, Bradley and Bryant (1983) found high correlations between preschool children’s initial rhyme awareness and their reading and spelling development over three years. Phonological processing skills play an essential role in the development of reading.(2018) suggests that visual perception deficits commonly underlie developmental dyslexia and dyscalculia. – Key to reading, writing, math, and learning Since cognitive abilities are crucial to reading, writing, math, and learning, they are typically impaired in developmental disorders of attention, language, reading, and mathematics, such as ADHD, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dysgraphia. Conversely, when cognitive skills are weak, learning becomes a challenge. Many studies over many decades have shown that cognitive skills - perception, attention, memory, and logical reasoning - determine an individual’s learning ability according to, they are the skills that “separate the good learners from the so-so learners.” In essence, when cognitive skills are strong, learning is fast and easy. In essence, then, perception means interpretation. Likewise, the physical events picked up by the ear may be interpreted as musical sounds, a human voice, noise, and so forth. For example, the physical events transmitted to the retina may be interpreted as a particular color, pattern, or shape. On the other hand, perception - also called processing - is interpreting what is sensed. In hearing, sensation occurs as waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the middle ear to the cochlear nerve. In vision, sensation occurs as rays of light are collected by the eye and focused on the retina. Sensation is the pickup of information by our sensory receptors, for example, the eyes, ears, skin, nostrils, and tongue. Cognitive skills include perception, attention, memory, and logical reasoning: – Perception Therefore, core cognitive skills (hereafter referred to as cognitive skills) are essential brain-based skills without which learning will most likely fail. The word “core” refers to the central, innermost, or most essential part of anything.
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